Koolesh language

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Koolesh
Kouleshesprache
Spoken in: All Countries in The 59th world (yber de veld)
Timeline/Universe: The 59th world
Total speakers: more than 1 billion
Genealogical classification: Indo-European
Germanic
West Germanic
    High German
Koolesh
Basic word order: SOV/V2
Morphological type: inflecting
Morphosyntactic alignment: nominative-accusative
Created by:
KOS-MOS 2006/2007~


Koolesh(Native name:Kouleshespra(k)he) is a High German Language with Seto-Ka'palo-Origin words used in The 59th world.

Contents

Sound Change

Koolesh is a language mainly developed from the MHG(Middle High German), below are the sound changes from MHG to Koolesh.

MHG Koolesh
/æ/ and stressed /e/ /ɛ/
Unstressed /e/ /ə/
/æː/ and /ei/ /eː/
/ou/ /oː/
/ie/ /iː/
/uo/ /uː/
/œʏ/(written as öu or eu in MHG) /øː/
/ʏœ/(might be /ʏe/,written as üe in MHG) /yː/
/iː/ /aɪ/
/uː/ /aʊ/
/yː/ /ɛʏ/ or /œʏ/
/pf/, /f/ and /v/ /ɸ/ or /f/
/w/ /β/ or /v/
/ɡ/ in the end of a word /ʔ/

Writing System

Koolesh is written in Latin Alphabet, but the Gothic minuscule are not used, Alphabets that Koolesh uses are:

A, (Æ), B, (C), D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, (Œ), P, (Q), R, S, T, U, V, (W), (X), Y, Z, ()

  • "C", "Q", "W", and "X" are used only in some names.
  • The Letter "Y" is in fact the alternative writing way for , named "Koulesh YY", which is similar to the Cyrillic "Ч".
  • Some texts use the letter "I" as an alternative writing way for "J", and "W" for "V".
  • "Æ" and "Œ" are not regarded as alphabets in Koolesh, "Æ" is only used as an alternative writing way for "AE"; and "Œ" is only used as an alternative writing way for "OE"

orthography

  • A - /ɑ/ or /a/
  • AE/Æ - /ɛ/ in unstressed syllables
  • AA - /ʌː ~ ɑː/ or /aː/
  • AI - /aɪ/
  • AU - /aʊ ~ ʌʊ/
  • B - /b/; /β/ in some dialects
  • BB - /bː/; /βː/ in some dialects
  • D - /d/
  • DD - /dː/
  • E - /ɛ/ in streesed syllables, /ə/ in unstressed syllables
  • EI - /eː/
  • F - /ɸ/ or /f/
  • FF - /ɸː/ or /fː/
  • G - /ɡ/; /ɣ/ in some dialects; /ʔ/ for the the final of a word
  • GG - /ɡː/
  • H - /x/, /ɣ/, /ç/ or /h/, see below for details.
  • I - /ɪ/; /j/ when it is used to be an alternative letter of "J"
  • II - /iː/
  • J - /j/
  • K - /k/
  • KK - /kː/
  • KH - /x/ or /ç/; /ɣ/ when appeares medially beteen two vowels.
  • L - /l/; /ɫ/(velarized /l/) when it doesn't appeares initially or medially between vowels
  • LL - /lː/; /ɫ/(velarized /l/) for the the final of a word
  • LB - /lp/ for the the final of a word
  • LD - /lt/ for the the final of a word
  • LG - /lk/ for the the final of a word
  • M - /mː/
  • MB - /mp/ for the the final of a word
  • MM - /mː/
  • N - /n/; /ŋ/ when precedes a velar consonant.
  • ND - /nt/ for the the final of a word
  • NG - /ŋ/ for the the final of a word
  • NN - /nː/
  • O - /ɔ/
  • OE/Œ - /œ/ or /ɛ/
  • OEI/ŒI - /øː/ or /eː/
  • EY/OI - /ɛʏ/ or /œʏ/ or /aɪ ~ ɛɪ/
  • OU - /oː/
  • P - /p/
  • PP - /pː/
  • R - /r/
  • RB - /rp/ for the the final of a word
  • RD - /rt/ for the the final of a word
  • RG - /rk/ for the the final of a word
  • RR - /rː/
  • S - /z/ for the initial of a word; /ʃ/ initially and preceding consonants /p/ and /t/ ; /s/ for other places
  • SH - /ʃ/
  • T - /t/
  • TT - /tː/
  • TZ - /ts/, never appears in the initial and the final of a word
  • U - /ʊ/
  • (UI - /ʏ/ or /ɪ/)
  • (UEI - /yː/ or /iː/)
  • UU - /uː/
  • V - /β/ or /v/
  • Y - /ʏ/ or /ɪ/
  • YY - /yː/ or /iː/
  • Z - /ts/; /z/ when appears medially between two vowels.
  • ZH - /z/, never appears in the initial of a word
  • ZZ - /zː/
  • Notice:Voiceless plosives in Standard Koolesh are not aspirated or just slightly aspirated, but in most of the dialects the voiceless plosives are still aspirated as in English.
  • the p, t, and k in "sp", "st" and "sk" are never aspirated in any dialects.
  • Pronunciation of letter "H":
    • Situation 1: "H" is pronunced as /h/ when appeares initially, like "H" in "hand"(Hand) and "haus"(House).
    • Situation 2: "H" is pronunced as /x/ when appeares in a syllable coda, and the preceding vowel is a back vowel, like "naht"(night) and "houh"(high).
    • Situation 3: "H" is pronunced as /ç/ when appeares in a syllable coda, and the preceding vowel is a front vowel, like "liiht"(light) and "mih"(me, accusative form).
    • Situation 4: "H" is pronunced as /ɣ/ when appeares medially between two vowels, like "Sprehen"(to speak), "mahen" and "sehen"(to see).
    • Notice: Sometimes "KH" or "CH" is used for the pronunciation of "H" in situation 2, situation 3 and situation 4, just like "CH" in Standard German, thus "naht" becomes "nakht" or "nacht", and "mih" becomes "mikh" or "mich", the usage of "CH" has become rare since the letter "C" was abolished by the government of Koolesh Republic in KI 5088(KI 5088 corresponds to AD 1691 in our world, KI=Kouleshes Jaar in Koolesh language).
  • The front rounded vowels are merged with their unrounded counterparts in most dialects.(thus /œ/, /øː/, /ʏ/ and /yː/ merges with /ɛ/, /eː/, /ɪ/ and /iː/ respectively, so in most dialects the word "Fyyzh" (feet) is pronounced as /fiːz/ or /fiːs/)
  • "-st" in the end of a word is pronounced as /s/ in many dialects.

Names for Alphabets in Koolesh

  • A - aa
  • B - bei
  • C - zei
  • D - dei
  • E - ei
  • F - ef
  • G - gei
  • H - haa/a(k)h
  • I - ii
  • J - jot/ii mit hakken
  • K - kaa
  • L - el/elo
  • M - em
  • N - en
  • O - ou
  • P - pei
  • Q - kvuu/kuu
  • R - er
  • S - es
  • T - tei
  • U - uu
  • V - vau
  • W - vei/zvei vauno
  • X - ik(s)
  • Y - yy
  • Z - zet
  • ( - koulesh yy)

Grammar

noun inflections

strong nouns

When the word stem is ended with /p/, /t/, /k/, and /ɸ/, the /p/, /t/, /k/, and /ɸ/ in the end of the stem shall become /b/, /d/, /g/, and /β/; if the vowel of the word stem is "a", "o", "u", "au", "aa", "ou", and "uu", they are umlauted to "(a)e", "oe", "y", "oi(ey)", "ei", "oei", and "yy".

strong singular nouns' inflections
cases\gender masculine feminine neutur
nominative - - -
genitive -es - -es
dative -e - -e
accusative - - -
strong plural nouns' inflections
cases\gender masculine feminine neuter neuter-umlautable
nominative -(e) - - -er
genitive -(e) -en -e -er
dative -(e)n -en -en -ern
accusative -(e) - - -er

weak nouns

weak singular nouns' inflections
cases\gender masculine feminine neuter
nominative -(e)n -(e) -(e)
genitive -(e)n -(e)n -(e)n
dative -(e)n -(e)n -(e)n
accusative -(e)n -(e)n -(e)
weak plural nouns' inflections
cases\gender masculine feminine neuter
nominative -(e)n -(e)n -(e)n
genitive -(e)n -(e)n -(e)n
dative -(e)n -(e)n -(e)n
accusative -(e)n -(e)n -(e)n

Seto-ka'palo-origin nouns

The word stem of the seto-ka'palo-origin nouns are ended with -(a)e(unlike the germanic -e), -o, or -i, words ended with -(a)e are masculine, with -o are neuter, and with -i are feminine

the seto-ka'palo-origin nouns are only inflected by dual and plural numbers, and genitive forms, the genitive forms of the seto-ka'palo-origin nouns are made by adding prefix "ka'-" before the word stem, dual forms of the seto-ka'palo-origin nouns are made by adding suffix "-no", and plural forms of the seto-ka'palo-origin nouns are made by adding suffix "-kom"

Verb inflections

Strong verbs

For strong verb inflections, please see Koolesh language/Strong and Irregular verbs

Weak verbs

The distinglish of two different type of weak verbs has been disappeared in koolesh, there are only one type of weak verb in koolesh, and the verb inflections of koolesh are shown below:

weak verb present tense inflections
persons\moods indicative subjunctive imprative
1st single -(e) -(e) (none)
1st dual/plural -(e)n -(e)n (none)
2nd single -(e)s(t) -(e)s(t) -(e)
2nd dual/plural -(e)t -(e)t -(e)nd
3rd single -(e)t -(e) (none)
3rd dual/plural -(e)nd -(e)n (none)
weak verb Preterite tense inflections
persons\moods indicative subjunctive imprative
1st single -(e)te -(e)te (none)
1st dual/plural -(e)ten -(e)ten (none)
2nd single -(e)tes(t) -(e)tes(t) -(e)
2nd dual/plural -(e)tet -(e)tet -(e)nd
3rd single -(e)te -(e)te (none)
3rd dual/plural -(e)ten -(e)ten (none)
  • infinitive:-(e)n
  • perfect form:ge-(word stem)-(e)t

adjective inflections

If the adjective word is ended with -u, then the inflections are not used.

When a noun is not modified by demostrative pronouns or numbers (indefine form), adjective that modifies the noun and is not ended with -u applies the strong inflections, otherwise applies the weak inflections. for example, "grouzhes haus" means "(a) big house"(nominative); "dazh grouzhe haus" ,means "the big house"(nominative).

Strong inflections

Strong form of adjective inflections for singular nouns
cases\gender masculine feminine neuter
nominative -er -e -es
genitive -es -er -es
dative -em -er -em
accusative -en -e -es
Strong form of adjective inflections for plural nouns
cases\gender masculine feminine neuter
nominative -e -e -e
genitive -er -er -er
dative -en -en -en
accusative -e -e -e

Weak inflections

Weak form of adjective inflections
cases\gender masculine feminine neuter
nominative -e -en -e
genitive -en -en -en
dative -en -en -en
accusative -en -en -e

Numbers' inflections

Inflections of ordinal numbers are same to the adjectives

Cardinal numbers' inflections

inflections for cardinal numeral "ein"
cases\gender masculine feminine neuter
nominative einer eine eines
genitive eines einer eines
dative einem einer einem
accusative einen eine eines
inflections for cardinal numeral "zvei"
cases\gender masculine feminine neuter
nominative zveine zvou zvei
genitive zveier zveier zveier
dative zvein zvein zvein
accusative zveine zvou zvei
inflections for cardinal numeral "drai"
cases\gender masculine and feminine neuter
nominative drai drei
genitive draier draier
dative drain drain
accusative drai drei
inflections for other cardinals(sometimes used)
cases\gender masculine\feminine\neuter
nominative -e
genitive -er
dative -en
accusative -e

Word order

Word order in Koolesh is Subject - Object - Prepositional words/Adjectives - Verbs.

  • For example:
    • "Ih dih gestern daar sah." means "I saw you at there."

when there's an additional verb, the additional verb moves to the place between the first non-verb word word(regardless the word class) and the second non-verb word.

  • For example "Ih kan dich daar sehen" - "I can see you there"

But in Intransitive sentences or subordinating cluases, the movement doesn't happen:

  • For example:
    • "Ih slaafen kan." - "I can sleep"
    • "Vazh ih ezzen kan ,er veizh." - "He knows what I can eat"

Intransitive verbs

In koolesh(and other Germanic languages in the 59th world), due to the inflection of usage of Dempa language, the subject of an intransitive verb can be either nominative or accusative except some verbs, the usage of nominative form or accusative form of a word for intransitive verbs is decided by speakers. when the subject of an intransitive verb is accusative, the verb should change as the subject were nominative.

for example: "der man starb." means the same to "den man starb.", both of the two sentences means "the man died."

Words

numbers

  1. one = ein
  2. two = zvei
  3. three = drai
  4. four = fiir
  5. five = fynf / funf / finf
  6. six = sehs
  7. seven = siben
  8. eight = aht
  9. nine = neyn
  10. ten = zehen
  11. eleven = einlif
  12. twelve = zvelf
  • Suffixes for numbers:
    • double = -no
    • ten times = -zig
    • Ordinal numbers = -te

pronouns

Personal pronouns

personal pronouns
Persons\Cases nominative genitive dative accusative
1st singular I(k)h/glo main mir mi(k)h
1st exclusive dual/plural vir unser uns uns
1st inclusive dual gle ka'gl(a)e gle gle
1st inclusive plural egl(a)ekom ka'(a)egl(a)ekom egl(a)ekom egl(a)ekom
2nd imformal single du/ne dain dir di(k)h
2nd imformal dual eno ka'(a)eno eno eno
2nd imformal plural ir/ekom eyer ey(k)h ey(k)h
3rd imformal masculine single er sain im in
3rd imformal feminine single sii ir ir sii
3rd imformal neuter single ezh/izh sain im ezh/izh/in
3rd imformal general single no kano no no
3rd imformal general dual ono ka'ono ono ono
3rd imformal general plural okom ka'okom okom onkom
3rd imformal masculine/feminine/neutur dual/plural sii/okom ir in sii
3rd formal masculine single pibr(a)e kapibr(a)e pibr(a)e pibr(a)e
3rd formal feminine single imbi ka'imbi imbi imbi
3rd formal neuter single oga ka'oga oga oga
3rd formal masculine dual pibr(a)eno ka'pibr(a)eno pibr(a)eno pibr(a)eno
3rd formal feminine dual imbino ka'imbino imbino imbino
3rd formal neuter dual ogano ka'ogano ogano ogano
3rd formal masculine plural pibr(a)ekom ka'pibr(a)ekom pibr(a)ekom pibr(a)ekom
3rd formal feminine plural imbikom ka'imbikom imbikom imbikom
3rd formal neuter plural ogakom ka'ogakom ogakom ogakom
3rd reflexive (none) sain(masculine and neuter single)
ir(plural and feminine single)		 im(masculine and neuter single)
ir(feminine single)
in(plural)		 sih
  • genitive pronouns that starts with "ka(')" are not worked as adjectives, the rest genitive pronouns are worked as adjectives.

Demonstrative pronouns

  • here = hii(r)
  • there =daa(r)

Demonstrative-That(also relative pronouns)
singular
cases\gender masculine feminine neuter
nominative de(r) de/dei dazh
genitive des der des
dative dem der dem
accusative den dii dazh
plural
cases\gender masculine and feminine neuter
nominative dii de/dei
genitive der der
dative den den
accusative dii de/dei

Demonstrative-This
singular
cases\gender masculine feminine neuter
nominative dirre dise dizh
genitive dises dirre dises
dative disem dirre disem
accusative disen dise dizh
plural
cases\gender masculine, feminine and neuter
nominative dise
genitive dirre
dative disen
accusative dise

Relative-Interrogative pronouns

Relative-Interrogative who and what
cases\gender masculine/feminine neuter
nominative ver vazh
genitive ves ves
dative vem vem
accusative ven vazh
  • where = daavar
  • when(question maker) = vailenvar
  • how = vii
  • why = ves

nouns

  1. woman = frouen, wf / pali, Of
  2. man = man, sm / pal(a)e, Om
  3. human = palo, On
  4. child(general) = kind, sn
  5. child of parents = toho , On
  6. girl = idi , Of
  7. boy = id(a)e , Om
  8. wife = hosli , Of
  9. husband = hosl(a)e , Om
  10. mother = muuter, sf
  11. father = fater, sm
  12. animal = tiir,sn
  13. fish = fish, sm
  14. bird = fogell, sm
  15. worm = vurn, sm
  16. tree = boum, sm
  17. forest = vald, sm
  18. fruit = fruht, sf
  19. seed = saat, sf
  20. leaf = blat, sn
  21. root = vurze, wf
  22. flower = bluume, wf
  23. grass = gras, sn
  24. meadow = grasesland, sn
  25. blood =bluut,sn
  26. egg = ei, sn
  27. hair = haar, sn
  28. head = kof, sm ; houbet, sn
  29. ear = oure, wn
  30. eye = ouge, wn
  31. mouth = mund, sm
  32. tooth = zand, sm
  33. tongue = zunge, wf
  34. finger = finger, sm
  35. fingernail = nagel, sm
  36. foot = fuuzh, sm
  37. knee = knii, sn
  38. hand = hand, sf
  39. breast = brust, sf
  40. heart = herze,wm
  41. sun = sunne, wf
  42. moon = maane, wm
  43. star = sterne, wm
  44. water = vazzer, sn
  45. rain = regen, sm
  46. lake = sei, sm
  47. sea = mer, sn
  48. salt = salz, sn
  49. stone = stein, sm
  50. sand = sand, sm
  51. earth = erde, wf
  52. mountain = berg, sm
  53. air = luft, sf
  54. cloud = volken, sn
  55. fog = nebel, sm
  56. sky = hime, sm
  57. wind = vind, sm
  58. snow = snei, sm
  59. ice = ais, wn
  60. smoke = rou(k)h, sm
  61. fire = feyr, sn
  62. ash = eshe, wf
  63. road = veg, sm
  64. home = heim, sf
  65. house = haus, sn
  66. wall = vand, sf
  67. door = tor, sn
  68. night = naht, sf
  69. day = tag/dag, sm
  70. year = jaar, sn
  71. name = name, wm
  72. folk = folk, sn
  73. mass of people; set of people = leyt, sn
  74. milk = mil(k)h, sf
  75. wheel = rat, sn
  76. book = buu(k)h, sn
  77. word = vord, sn
  78. dream = troum, sm
  79. light = liiht, sn
  80. hole = lo(k)h, sn
  81. market = market, sm
  82. money = kulig(a)e, Om
  83. gold = gold, sn
  84. silver = silber, sn
  85. iron = aiser, sn
  86. north = nord, sn
  87. south = sauden, sn
  88. east = ousten, sm
  89. west = vest, sm
  90. while; a short period of time = vaill, sf
  91. time = zait, sf
  92. vehicle; wagon; car = vagen, sm
  93. board = bord, sm
  94. apple = afel, sm
  95. beech = buuhe, sf
  96. Glass = glas, sn
  97. Hook = hakken, sm
  98. Help = Helfe, sf
  • Notice:
    • sm = masculine MHG-origin strong noun
    • sn = neuter MHG-origin strong noun
    • sf = feminine MHG-origin strong noun
    • wm = masculine MHG-origin weak noun
    • wn = neuter MHG-origin weak noun
    • wf = feminine MHG-origin weak noun
    • Om = masculine Seto-Ka'palo-origin noun
    • On = neuter Seto-Ka'palo-origin noun
    • Of = feminine Seto-Ka'palo-origin noun
    • O = words that originate form other languages.

verbs

Irregular verbs

  1. be = sain
  2. bring = bringen
  3. can = gunnen/kunnen
  4. must = myz(h)en
  5. shall; should = sulen
  6. want = vellen
  7. do = tuun
  8. know = vizzen
  9. come = komen
  10. have = haan, the "haan" form of "have" is mostly used as an aux verb, but it can be still alternatively used with "haben"

Strong+Weak verbs

  1. sit = sitzen - sazhte(Preterite) - gesezzen(perfect)
  2. bring = bringen - braahte(Preterite) - gebraht(perfect)
  3. think = denken - daahte(Preterite) - gedaaht
  4. fear = fyrhten - forhte

Weak verbs

  1. have = haben
  2. hear = hoeren
  3. learn = lernen
  4. teach = leiren
  5. know; can = kennen
  6. burn = brennen
  7. bleed =bluuten
  8. float = sveben
  9. bloom = blyymen
  10. make = ma(k)hen
  11. work = vurken
  12. seek; search = suuhen
  13. hate = hazzen
  14. plant; cultivate = bauen
  15. wish = vynshen
  16. turn = drein
  17. live = leben
  18. hit = ragen
  19. say = sagen
  20. push = drykken
  21. build; construct; cultivate = bauen
  22. thank = danken
  23. build; construct = gletan (seto ka'palo origin word)
  24. kill = stolan (seto ka'palo origin word)
  25. buy; acquire; obtain; get = koufen

Strong Verbs

  1. bite = baiz(h)en ,type I
  2. cut = snaiden ,type I
  3. rub = raiben ,type I
  4. write = shraiben ,type I
  5. flow = fliiz(h)en ,type II
  6. freeze = friisen ,type II
  7. suck = saugen ,type II
  8. fly = fliigen ,type II
  9. pull = ziihen ,type II
  10. sing = singen ,type III
  11. throw = verfen ,type III
  12. drink = trinken ,type III
  13. sink = sinken ,type III
  14. find = finden ,type III
  15. become; will(aux) = verden ,type III
  16. swell = svellen ,type III
  17. spin = spinnen ,type III
  18. die = sterben ,type III
  19. swim = svimmen ,type III
  20. help = helfen ,type III
  21. take = nemen, type IV
  22. break = brehen, type IV
  23. speak = sprehen, type IV
  24. see = sehen ,type V
  25. read = lesen ,type V
  26. give = geben ,type V
  27. eat = ezzen ,type V
  28. lie(lie down) = ligen ,type V
  29. forget = fergezzen ,type V
  30. tell = ferjehen ,type V
  31. beat; strike = slahen ,type VI
  32. wear = tragen ,type VI
  33. stand = staan ,type VI
  34. wash =vashen ,type VI
  35. split = spalten ,type VII
  36. Let = laz(h)en ,type VII
  37. fall = fallen ,type VII
  38. blow = blaasen ,type VII
  39. sleep = slaafen ,type VII
  40. dig = graben ,type VII
  41. hold = halten ,type VII
  42. call(giving name) ; be named = heizhen, type VII

Notice:verbs with "type xxx" are Germanic-origin strong verbs, they are divided into 7 types: type I, type II, type III, type IV, type V, type VI, and type VII, the "type xxx" stands for the inflection way for the verb

adjectives

  1. not = niht
  2. all = all
  3. many = fill
  4. none = kein
  5. other = ander
  6. big; large; great = grouzh
  7. long = lang
  8. wide = vait
  9. thick = dik
  10. heavy = avaniu
  11. small = klein
  12. short = kurz
  13. narrow = enge
  14. thin(oppose to heavy) = dynne
  15. high = hou(k)h
  16. higher = hoeiher
  17. highest = hoeih(e)st
  18. red = rout
  19. green = gryyn
  20. yellow = gell
  21. blue = blaa
  22. brown = braun
  23. grey = graa
  24. white = vaizh
  25. black = svarz
  26. brown = braun
  27. warm = warm
  28. cold = kald
  29. full = foll
  30. new = ney
  31. old = ald
  32. young = jung
  33. good = guut
  34. better(comparative of "guut") = bezzer
  35. best(superlative of "guut") = best(e)
  36. bad = boeise
  37. worse(comparative of "boese") = virs(er)
  38. worst(superlative of "boese") = virst(e)
  39. rotten = faull
  40. straight = gre(k)h
  41. round = vepmu (seto ka'palo origin word)
  42. sharp = sharf
  43. deep = tiif
  44. wet = nazh
  45. correct = itlinu (seto ka'palo origin word); reht
  46. true; real = vaar
  47. false = falsh
  48. near = naahe
  49. far = ferre
  50. right(direction) = ivi'olu (seto ka'palo origin word); reht
  51. left(direction) = evi'olu (seto ka'palo origin word)
  52. blind = blind
  53. strong = starg
  54. weak = vei(k)h
  55. free = frai
  56. light; bright = liiht
  57. dark = tunkel
  58. dead = tout
  59. enough = genuuk
  60. more = mei(r)
  61. most = meist
  62. above = oben
  63. too(not also) = zuu
  64. also = ou(k)h
  65. well = voll

Prepositions

  1. at; on = an(+dative)
  2. on = auf
  3. onto = an(+accusative); auf(+accusative)
  4. under = under(+dative)
  5. in(non-active) = in(+dative)
  6. into = in(+accusative)
  7. to = ze(+dative); an(+accusative)
  8. from = fon(+dative); ab(+dative)
  9. for = fyr(+accusative)
  10. with = mit(+dative)
  11. (near) by; during; at(temporal); in(temporal) = bai(+dative)
  12. above; over; on = yber(+dative)
  13. through; via; because of; for the reason of = dur(kh)
  14. of = ka(+nominative ,seto ka'palo-origin word)

other

  1. before; unless = for
  2. after = naa(k)h
  3. since = sait
  4. until = vailfor(vail + for)
  5. in order to = ze
  6. then = dan(ne)
  7. and = und
  8. or = ode(r)
  9. but = aber
  10. because = saidazh(sait + dazh); sait
  11. so = sus
  12. like; as = vii
  13. just as; as = alsou
  14. than = dan
  15. if = no(seto ka'palo-origin word); van
  16. whether = ob(used with "oder")
  17. besides = darze
  18. today = heyte
  19. yesterday = gestern

Lexical Affixes

Prefixes

Suffixes

  • Status of ...... = -heit; -keit, word become sf
  • Doer of ......(masculine) = -er(a)e
  • Doer of ......(feminine) = -eri
  • Doer of ......(neuter) = -ero
  • Doer of ......(general) = -er
  • -ish = -ih; -ish
  • -y; -ly = -u

Sample text

  • "Vazh daine name is?" - "What is your name?"
  • "Maine name, ______ is." - "My name is ______."
  • "Dise pali, maine muuter is." - "This woman is my mother."
  • "Er, es ze dem palae sagte." - "He said it to the/that man."
  • "fyr maine muuter verde ih eines gruoz(h)es haus gletan, van ih vill kuligae habe." - "I'll build a big hause for my mother, if I have many money."
  • "Ekom all, mih hoerend, ekom myz(h)et onkom stolan!" - "all of you, hear me, you must kill all of them!"
  • De pali dannen pal(a)e bezzer is." - "The woman is better than the man."
  • "Du ze mir dazh best(en) bist." - "you are the best to me."

External Links

Retrieved from "http://wiki.frath.net/Koolesh_language"