Lišěč

From FrathWiki
Jump to: navigation, search
Lišĕč (Lišĕčna/Лишĕчна)
Spoken in: Poland, Ukraine
Region: Galitia
Total speakers: 85.000 speakers
Genetic
classification:
Language isolate or
Altaic family
:Uralic languages
::Lišĕč languages
:::Lišĕč
Extra information
Author: Bukkia

Lišĕč is a language, spoken in Galitia, on the border line between Poland and Ukraine. It’s an highly agglutinative language, and it‘s similar to Finnish, Estonian and Hungarian languages, maybe related to the Uralic family, but it has many differences, that show the influence of Slavic and German languages. It is unknow if it is an isolated language with influences from both Uralic and Indo-European languages, or an Uralic language with a unknown substrate and influences from Indo-European languages.

It can be written both with Latin Alphabet and with Cyrillic alphabet.

Phonology

Vowel harmony

The vowel harmony is typical phenomenon of non-Indo-european languages in Europe.

The vowels of interchangeable endings change according to the last vowel in the last syllable of the word.

The interchangeable vowels in the endings are:

  • -e-: for a last front vowel in the world
  • -a-: for a last central vowel in the world
  • -o-: for a last back vowel in the world

Examples: The plural endings are: -nes, -nas, -nos / -нес, -нас, -нос

Lin (man) → Linnes / Лин (man) → Линнес
Tanõk (sea) → Tanõknos / Танõк (sea) → Танõкнос
Sava (river) → Savanas / Сава (river) → Саванас

Vowels

Front Near-front Central Near-back Back
Close
i • y
  ɨ
u


e
o
ə   
ɛ • œ
ɔ
æ


     a
Close-mid
Mid
Open-mid
Near-open
Open

Consonants

Bilabial Labio-
dental
Dental Alveolar Post-
alveolar
Palatal Velar
Plosive
p b
t d
k ɡ
Nasal
   m
   ɱ
   n
   ɲ
   
Vibrant
   
   r
Fricative
f v
θ ð
s z
ʃ   
   
Affricate
ʦ ʣ
ʧ ʤ
   
 
Approximant
   
   
   
   j
   ɰ
Lateral approximant
   l
   ʎ
   

Writing systems

Lišěč can be written with both a modified version of Latin alfabet (called Latinka/Латинка) and a modified version of Cirillic alfabet (сalled Kirilica/Кирилица).

IPA consonant
Latin
Cyrillic
   /p/   
    p    
    п    
   /b/   
    b    
    б    
   /t/   
    t    
    т    
   /d/   
    d    
    д    
   /k/   
    k    
    к    
   /g/   
    g    
    г    
   /m/   
    m    
    м    
   /n/   
    n    
    н    
   /ɲ/   
    ň    
    њ    
   /ʦ/   
    c    
    ц    
   /ʣ/   
    z    
    ѕ    
   /ʧ/   
    č    
    ч    
   /ʤ/   
    ğ    
    ђ    
   /f/   
    f    
    ф    
   /v/   
    v    
    в    
   /θ/   
    ţ    
    ө    
   /ð/   
    đ    
    ћ    
   /s/   
    s    
    с    
   /z/   
    ś    
    з    
   /ʃ/   
    š    
    ш    
   /r/   
    r    
    р    
   /j/   
    j    
    й    
   /ɰ/   
    u    
    у    
   /l/   
    l    
    л    
   /ʎ/   
    ł    
    љ    
IPA vowel
Latin
Cyrillic
   /i/   
    i    
    и    
   /y/   
    ü    
    ÿ    
   /ɨ/   
    y    
    ы    
   /u/   
    u    
    у    
   /e/   
    e    
    е    
   /ɛ/   
    ĕ    
    ĕ    
   /ə/   
    ë    
    ё    
   /œ/   
    ö    
    ö    
   /æ/   
    ä    
    ä    
   /a/   
    a    
    а    
   /ɔ/   
    õ    
    õ    
   /o/   
    o    
    о    

Morphology

Lišĕč has an agglutinative morphology, i.e, words are declined and take endings, but these endings have only one meaning, instead of the multiple meanings of an Indo-european desinence.

Exemple:

  • Latin: Urbium (genitive plural of the cities): root urb + desinence -ium, the desinence has the meaning of both plural and genitive case.
  • Lišĕč: Gradanasal (genitive plural of the cities): root grada + plural desinence -nas- + genitive desinence -al

Substantives

Substantives have no genre, but they decline according to number (singular, plural and collective) and cases (30 cases):

Number

Number Latin Cyrillic
Singular - -
Plural -nas/nes/nos -нас/нес/нос
Collective -ałij/ełij/ołij -аљий/ељий/ољий

The collective number means a defined group of objects or beings, while plural number indicates an undefined number of objects or things (both functions are covered by plural in Indo-european languages):

The collective should be used:

  • With cardinal numbers
  • Without numbers to indicate “a group of” or with uncountable nouns to indicate “a little of”, “a bit of

Case

The case indicates the role the word plays in the sentence, without prepositions. Lišěč has 30 cases, many more of any Indo-european language, but a large number of cases is normal for Uralic languages.

Case Latin Cyrillic Case function
Nominative
-
-
Case of subject
Genitive
-al/el/ol
-ал/ел/ол
Case of possession
Dative
-am/em/om
-ам/ем/ом
Case of indirect object
Accusative
-an/en/on
-ан/ен/он
Case of direct object
Partitive
-a/e/o
-а/е/о
Case of ripartition
It can be translated with the adjectives some any
Essive
-as/es/os
-ас/ес/ос
Case of existence
It can be translated with the word as
Causal
-fal/fel/fol
-фал/фел/фол
Case of causes
It can be translated with prepositions because of for
Originative
-dala/dele/dolo
-дала/деле/доло
Case of origin
It can be translated with prepositions from of
Instrumental
-kam/kem/kom
-кам/кем/ком
Case of instrument
It can be translated with prepositions with by
Comitative
-sam/sem/som
-сам/сем/сом
Case of company
It can be translated with preposition (together) with
Agentive
-õlna/õlne/õlno
-õлна/õлне/õлно
Case of agent
It can be translated with the preposition by
Finalitative-
benefactive
-ossa/osse/osso
-осса/оссе/оссо
Case of finality and benefice
It can be translated with preposition for
Abessive
-baś/beś/boś
-баз/без/боз
Case of absence
It can be translated with preposition without
Temporal
-ňal/ňel/ňol
-њал/њел/њол
Case of time
It can be translated with prepositions at during
Terminative
-õňa/õňe/õňo
-õња/õње/õњо
Case of end
It can be translated with preposition until
Argomentative
-asta/esta/osta
-аста/еста/оста
Case of argument
It can be traslated with preposition about
Inessive
-ka/ke/ko
-ка/ке/ко
See table below
Elative
-kaňa/keňe/koňo
-кања/кење/коњо
See table below
Illative
-kaţun/keţun/koţun
-каөун/кеөун/коөун
See table below
Superessive
-sõda/sõde/sõdo
-сõда/сõде/сõдо
See table below
Delative
-šanë/šenë/šonë
-шанë/шенë/шонë
See table below
Sublative
-sõğa/sõğe/sõğo
-сõђа/сõђе/сõђо
See table below
Adessive
-đyna/đyne/đyno
-ћына/ћыне/ћыно
See table below
Ablative
-daţë/deţë/doţë
-даөë/деөë/доөë
See table below
Allative
-adanë/edenë/odonë
-аданë/еденë/одонë
See table below
Interjective
-rağä/reğä/roğä
-рађä/ређä/рођä
See table below
Transitive
-rakä/rekä/rokä
-ракä/рекä/рокä
See table below
Translative
-arykë/erykë/orykë
-арыкë/ерыкë/орыкë
See table below

The last 12 cases in table above are Locative cases. The locative system of Lišĕč language is highly developed, with indication for interior (inside), surface (on, above) and adjacency (near), and with the four locative complements: statement in, movement to, movement from and movement across.

So, for example, the sublative case means a movement towards above, or a movement over a surface.

Case System
interior
surface
adjacency
statement in
inessive
superessive
adessive
movement to
illative
sublative
allative
movement from
elative
delative
ablative
movement across
interjective
transitive
translative

Adjectives

Adjectives act like substantives, they take the same endings of case and number. Adjectives in attributive function are placed always before their substantives. Only past participles (which are adjectives) can be placed after the substantive.

There is no article at all.

Adverbs

Adverbs derived from adjectives are built by adding to adjectives’ base form the adverbial ending: -õkša/õkše/õkšo,-õкша/õкше/õкшо

Locative adverbs

Lišĕč locative adverbs have a particular feature, which makes them different from the other languages‘ adverbs: they decline. They take the same locative endings of substantives, to indicate what kind of movement or statement they express, according to the locative system, explained in the table above. For example:

Sinaan/Синаан has the unspecified meaning of there, but its role can be specified by adding the locative endings:

With the elative ending, Sinaankaňa/Синаанкања, it specifies its meaning in from there inside

With the adessive ending, Sinaanđyna/Синаанћына, it specifies its meaning in there (statement) near.

And so the other locative adverbs decline.

Pronouns

Personal Pronouns

Pronouns
Latin
Cyrillic
   I   
    kaj    
    кай    
   Thou   
    le    
    ле    
   He/she/it   
    am    
    ам    
   We (exclusive)   
    fi    
    фи    
   We (inclusive)   
    fikaj    
    фикай    
   You   
    lěni    
    лěни    
   They   
    amini    
    амини    

Personal pronouns use the same endings substantives to decline. Personal pronouns in nominative are not needed before declined verbs, since they already show their person with desinences.

Personal pronouns declined in genitive play the role of our possessive adjectives/pronouns. They are placed before the substantive but they are not adjectives and they do not decline (note: they are already declined in genitive). Other Uralic languages have particular personal desinence to express our possessive adjectives, and maybe Lišěč had but surely lost them.

My mother: kajal anja/кайал анйа

Interrogative Pronouns

Pronouns
Latin
Cyrillic
   What   
    nik    
    ник    
   Who   
    këta    
    кëта    
   Which   
    jõgë    
    йõгë    
   How Much   
    skolg    
    сколг    

Interrogative pronouns use the same endings for substantives to decline.

Numerals

Number
Latin
Cyrillic
   0   
    nõl    
    нõл    
   1   
    ögši    
    öгши    
   2   
    kägśi    
    кäгзи    
   3   
    öłne    
    öљнë    
   4   
    ňiła    
    њиља    
   5   
    biśi    
    бизи    
   6   
    güśij    
    гÿзий    
   7   
    sjěn    
    сйěн    
   8   
    vaśën    
    вазëн    
   9   
    điviţ    
    ћивиө    
   10   
    kyme    
    кыме    

Verbs

Verbs do conjugate according to persons, moods (indicative, subjunctive, conditional, accusative, imperative) and tenses (present, aorist, perfect past, imperfect past, ancient past, anterior past, recent future, far future, anterior future)

Verbs do conjugate according to persons by adding some personal endings:

Personal Desinence Latin Cyrillic
I
-alm/elm/olm
-алм/елм/олм
Thou
-atë/etë/otë
-атë/етë/отë
He/She/It
-ast/est/ost
-аст/ест/ост
We (exclusive)
-ammë/emmë/ommë
-аммë/еммë/оммë
We (inclusive)
-amäl/emäl/omäl
-амäл/емäл/омäл
You
-atëni/etëni/otëni
-атëни/етëни/отëни
They
-astyn/estyn/ostyn
-астын/естын/остын

This makes the nominative personal pronouns completely useless to conjugate verbs.

Before adding the personal endings, you have to indicate the verb’s mood, by adding modal endings:

Mood Latin Cyrillic
indicative
-
-
subjunctive
-šaš/šeš/šoš
-шаш/шеш/шош
conditional
-laň/leň/loň
-лањ/лањ/лањ
accusative
-nan/nen/non
-нан/нен/нон
imperative
-aj/ej/oj
-ай/ей/ой
  • The Indicative mood marks certain facts and it’s the mood of the reality.
  • The Subjunctive mood marks uncertain facts, doubts, and possibility..
  • The Conditional mood marks facts under a specified condition, possibility, unreality.
  • The Accusative mood marks actions in subordinated clauses. It can only appear in this kind of clauses, which so do not require particular conjunctions. It can be added together with subjunctive or conditional endings, if the meaning of the verbal action requires them.
  • The Imperative mood marks orders. It does not require personal endings.

At last, but before the personal endings, you should add the temporal endings, to indicate the verb’s tense:

Tense Latin Cyrillic
Present
-ak/ek/ok
-ак/ек/ок
Aorist
-as/es/os
-ас/ес/ос
Perfect Past
-amt/emt/omt
-амт/емт/омт
Imperfect Past
-ostal/ostel/ostol
-остал/остел/остол
Ancient Past
-akaš/ekeš/okoš
-акаш/екеш/окош
Anterior Past
-đarn/đern/đorn
-ћарн/ћерн/ћорн
Recent Future
-ňaţ/ňeţ/ňoţ
-њаө/њеө/њоө
Far Future
-ssan/ssen/sson
-ссан/ссен/ссон
Anterior Future
-ülaj/ülej/üloj
-ÿлай/ÿлей/ÿлой
  • The Present tense marks an action which takes place in present time.
  • The Aorist tense marks an action, which took place in past time, but without any time reference, and any aspectual reference.
  • The Perfect Past tense marks an action in a specified past, with the meaning of the completeness of the action itself. The expressed action is complete and with no links with present time.
  • The Imperfect Past tense marks an action in a specified past, with the meaning of incompleteness of the action itself. The expressed action is not complete or it has some links with present time, or we talk about the time of last of the action itself.
  • The Ancient Past tense marks an action, which took place before an action expressed by the Aorist tense.
  • The Anterior Past tense marks an action, which took place before an action expressed by the Perfect Past tense or Imperfect Past tense.
  • The Recent Future tense marks an action, which will take place in a future not far from present time.
  • The Far Future tense marks an action, which will take place in a far future from present time.
  • The Anterior Future tense marks an action, which will take place before an action expressed by Recent Future tense or Far Future tense.

There are some other verbal endings, which are the infinitival ending and participial endings:

Mood Latin Cyrillic
Infinitive
-ajn/ejn/ojn
-айн/ейн/ойн
Present Participle
-ağanđ/eğenđ/oğonđ
-ађанћ/еђенћ/ођонћ
Past Participle
-at/et/ot
-ат/ет/от
  • Infinitive is the form you find in dictionaries, and, together with accusative modal endings, it follows modal verbs.
  • The Present Participle is an adjectival endings, which form an adjective with the meaning one who does… that which does… in present form.
  • The Past Participle is an adjectival endings, which form an adjective with a passive meaning for transitive verbs, and simple past meaning for intransitive verbs.


To negate a verb you may place the adverb ěłi/ěљи before the verb.

Syntax

Verb "to have"

Lišĕč language does not have a verb similar to English verb “to have”. This is a main feature also of all languages in Uralic family. To express possession you can use the construction:

Owned thing or being in Nominative + Õłojn/Õљойн (to be) + Dative of the owner:

  • They have two childrenAminiem õłokostyn kägśi pëkaałij / Аминием õљокостын кäгзи пëкаљий

Lexycon

See: Lišěč-English dictionary

Useful expression

  • Üvëen Amüen / Ÿвёен Амÿен: Good morning
  • Üvëen Pĕinaan / Ÿвёен Пĕинаан: Good afternoon (day)
  • Üvëen Vičĕren / Ÿвёен Вичĕрен: Good evening
  • Üvëen Jõon / Ÿвёен Йõон: Good night
  • Üvëõške mënnat / Ÿвёõшке мённат: Welcome
  • Puaakalm lišĕčnaan / Пуаакалм лишĕчнаан: I speak Lišěč
  • Ĕłi puaakalm lišĕčnaan / Ĕљи пуаакалм лишĕчнаан: I don't speak Lišěč
  • Puaakatë anglaśnaan? / Пуаакатё англазнаан?: Do you speak English?
  • Jõgëan kelen puakaatë? / Йõгёан келен пуаакате?: Which language do you speak?

Lord's prayer

Fial Ipa, ktõr õłokotë tajväka
sanktakammë leel nimien
mënnajast leel küningrik
tĕdaekemmë leel vylen
śo tajväka, śo mälmake
đnes antajatë fiam đnesmasen lĕjpäen
õnt fergepejetë fial velkĕnesen
śo fi fergepekemmë fial velketelnesem
õnt ĕłi oğiatojotë ferśukedenë
õnt svobõdojotë fian pakadaţë
Amen
Фиал Ипа, ктõр õљокотё тайвäка
санктакаммё леел нимиен
мённайаст леел кÿнингрик
тĕдаекеммё леел вылен
зо тайвäка, зо мäлмаке
ћнес антайатё фиам ћнесмасен лĕйпäен
õнт фергепейетё фиал велкĕнесен
зо фи фергепекеммё фиал велкетелнесем
õнт ĕљи ођиатойотё ферзукеденё
õнт свобõдойотё фиан пакадаθё
Амен

Babel text

Allë mälma puaasast ögšien kelen õnt śĕlpnesen sänanesen
Koške mënnasastyn vasţõkšonë, linnes sapuaasastyn ebensöğe Šinĕarsöğe õnt pyśattuaasastyn sinaansöğe.
Õnt säňoesestyn: "Mënnajatëni, valmystaajamäl cigëlnese õnt kĕjttaejemäl aminian tulikom". Bëňücesestyn cigëlnesen päjkake kivinesel õnt bitumeen päjkake kalkaal.
Õnt säňoesestyn: "Mënnajatëni, rakenajamäl gradaan õnt kõrgëon turnon tajväõňa, õłokňoţomäl tuntaotnosos õnt ĕłi ferirňeţemäl mälmarekä".
Erra alasõlasast nädänenesest turnon õnt gradaan, ktõrnoson pëkanas linnesel rakenostalastyn.
Erra säňoesest: "Nädäejetë, õłokostyn ögšies folkos õnt puaakastyn ögšien kelen. Täme õłokost algaas aminial tyõol. No könnekestyn tĕdanenekestyn tuyon, ktõron vylakastyn".
"Alasõlajatë mešenneneketë aminial kelen, śo ĕjkuga ümĕrtekňeţestyn kelen müynesel linnesel".
Õnt Erra äjotteesest linnesen mälmarekä, śo kĕsgetesestyn rakennanasastyn gradaan.
Śo Erra inimiesest gradaam Babel, śiksi tüksõdo Erra mešenesest kelnesen mälmael õnt tükšonë äjotteesest linnesen mälmarekä.
Аллë мäлма пуаасаст öгшиен келен õнт зĕлпнесен сäнанесен
Кошке мённасастын васθõкшонë, линнес сапуаасастын ебенсöђe Шинĕрасöђе õнт пузаттуаасастын синаансöђе.
Õнт сäњоесестын: "Мённайатёни, валмыстаайамäл цигёлнесе õнт кĕиттаейемäл аминиан туликом". Бёњÿцесестын цигёлнесен пäйкаке кивинесел õнт битумеен пäйкаке калкаал.
Õнт сäњоесестын: "Мённайатёни, ракенайамäл градаан õнт кõргëон турнон тайвäõња, õљoкњoθомäл тунтаотносос õнт ĕљи ферирњеθемäл мäлмарекä".
Ерра аласõласаст нäдäненесест турнон õнт градаан, ктõрносон пëканас линнесел ракеносталастын.
Ерра сäњoесест: "Нäдäейетë, õљокостын öгшиес фолкос õнт пуаакастын öгшиен келен. Тäме õљокост алгаас аминал тыõол. Но кöннекестын тĕданенекестын туыон, ктõрон вылакастын".
"Аласõлайатë мешенненекетё аминиал келен, зо ĕйкуга ÿмĕртекњеθестын келен мÿыиесел линнесел".
Õнт Ерра äйоттеесест линнесен мäлмарекä, зо кĕсгетесестын ракеннанасастын градаан.
Зо Ерра инимиесест градаам Бабел, зикси тÿксõдо Ерра мешенесест келнесен мäлмаел õнт тÿкшонё äйоттеесест линнесен мäлмарекä.