From FrathWiki

This is a presentation of the work I have done on the Kufic version of the Arabic alphabet.

I have tried to encompass all of the variations of Arabic, including those used to write a variety of languages from around the world.

Please see the Gallery for examples.

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Contents 1 alif 1.1 alif 1.2 alif hamza 1.3 alif madda 1.4 alif waSla 2 baa, taa, thaa 2.1 variations 2.2 baa 2.3 taa 2.4 thaa 3 jiim, Haa, khaa 3.1 variations 3.2 jiim 3.3 Haa 3.4 khaa 4 daal, dhaal 4.1 variations 4.2 daal 4.3 dhaal 5 raa, zaay 5.1 variations 5.2 raa 5.3 zaay 6 siin, shiin 6.1 variations 6.2 siin 6.3 shīn 7 Saad, Daad 7.1 variations 7.2 Saad 7.3 Daad 8 Taa, DHaa 8.1 variations 8.2 Taa 8.3 DHaa 9 ʿayn, ghayn 9.1 variations 9.2 ʿayn 9.3 ghayn 9.4 nga 10 faa 10.1 variations 10.2 faa 10.3 paa 11 qaaf 12 kaaf 13 laam 13.1 laam-alif 14 miim 15 nuun 15.1 nya 16 haa 16.1 taa marbuuTa 17 waaw 18 yaa 18.1 alif maqSuura 19 Harakaat 19.1 fatHa 19.2 Damma 19.3 kasra 19.4 sukuun 19.5 hamza 19.6 shadda 19.7 dagger alif 19.8 tanwiin al-fatH 19.9 tanwiin aD-Damm 19.10 tanwiin al-kasr

alif

alif

• The basic form of alif, historically vocalized as /a:/ or /?/.

alif hamza

• Used for /a/:

• The alif with hamza above:

• The alif with hamza and fatHa:

• Used for /u/:

• The alif with hamza and Damma:

• Used for /i/:

• The alif with hamza below:

• The alif with hamza and kasra:

• The alif with hamza above a fatHa:

• The alif hamza is used in cases when a short vowel begins a word.

alif madda

• The alif madda, it is used to indicate /?a:/. When two hamza using the alif as a seat follow each other, or when a hamza is followed by a long vowel, then a madda is used instead.

alif waSla

• The alif waSla is used to indicate that the alif is not to be pronounced and that the preceding vowel is elidable.

baa, taa, thaa

variations

baa

• The baa, used for /b/.

• The pe used in Perso-Arabic for /p/.

taa

• The taa, used for /t/.

• The Te, used in Urdu for /t`/.

thaa

• The thaa, used for /T/.

jiim, Haa, khaa

variations

jiim

• The jiim, in MSA for /dZ/, /g/ in Masri and /Z/ in Shami.

Haa

• The Haa, used for specifically for /X\/.

khaa

• The khaa, used specifically for /x/.

daal, dhaal

variations

daal

• The daal, used for /d/.

• The Daal, used in Urdu to represent /d`/.

• Used in Pashto to represent /d`/.

dhaal

• The dhaal, used for /D/.

raa, zaay

variations

raa

• The raa, used for /r/.

• The Urdu aar, used for /r`/.

• Used in Pashto to represent /r`/.

zaay

• The zaay or zaa, used for /z/.

siin, shiin

variations

siin

• The siin, used for /s/.

• The xiin, used for /x/ in Pashto.

shīn

• The shiin, used for /S/.

Saad, Daad

variations

Saad

• The Saad, used for /s?\/

Daad

• The Daad, used for /d?\/

Taa, DHaa

variations

Taa

• The Taa, used for /t?\/.

DHaa

• The DHaa, used for /D?\/ or /z?\/.

ʿayn, ghayn

variations

ʿayn

• The ʿayn, used for /?\/.

ghayn

• The ghayn, used for /G/.

nga

• The nga, used specifically by the Jawi alphabet for /N/.

faa

variations

faa

• The faa, used for /f/.

paa

• The paa, used specifically by the Jawi alphabet for /p/.

qaaf

• The qaaf, used for /q/ or /g/ in Gulf Arabic.

kaaf

• The kaaf, used for /k/.

• A secondary version of kaaf used by many languages, most prominently those that use the Perso-Arabic alphabet.

• The gaaf, used for /g/ in the Perso-Arabic alphabet and the Jawi alphabet.

• Another version of the gaaf, not used as frequently as the former.

• This version is used unofficially in Moroccan Arabic for /g/ and in some languages as /N/. The use of the initial, medial and final forms vary widely.

• Used specifically in the Pashto Alphabet for /g/.

laam

• The laam, used for /l/.

laam-alif

• The laam-alif is a ligature used to represent /la:/.

• Variations.

miim

• The miim, used for /m/.

nuun

• The nuun, used for /n/.

• Used specifically in the Pashto Alphabet for /n`/.

nya

• The nya, used specifically in the Jawi alphabet for the palatal nasal, /J/.

haa

• The haa, used for /h/.

taa marbuuTa

• The taa marbuuTa, a variation of the taa, used grammatically to indicate the feminine gender. It can be vocalized as /h/, /t/ or it can be silent, depending on the semantic role of the morpheme.

waaw

• The waaw, used as /w/ and /u:/.

yaa

• The yaa, used as /j/ and /i:/.

alif maqSuura

• The alif maqSuura, used only in the final position to represent /a:/.

Harakaat

fatHa

• Placed over consonants for /a/.

Damma

• Placed over consonants for /u/.

kasra

• Placed below consonants for /i/.

sukuun

• Placed over consonants to indicate the absence of a vowel.

hamza

• Free standing hamza, used for /?/.

• The hamza used as harakaat.

shadda

• Used to indicate gemination.

dagger alif

• Used only in completely vocalized text.

tanwiin al-fatH

• Grammatical ending, used to indicate the accusative of indefinite nouns, pronounced /an/.

tanwiin aD-Damm

• Grammatical ending, used to indicate the nominative of indefinite nouns, pronounced /un/.

tanwiin al-kasr

• Grammatical ending, used to indicate the genitive of indefinite nouns, pronounced /in/.

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More to come. -- Qang