Uínlītska

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This majority language of Norse America is derived from Old Norse, with adstrates from Germanic, Celtic, Algonquian, Iroquoian, and Inuit, in particular Scots, Scots Gaelic, English, Nunatsiaviummiutut, Nunavimmiutitut, Míkmak, Ojibwe, Abenaki and Beothuk.

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Phonology

See the Uínlītska Phonology article for details.

Orthography

Latin Script

Consonants

p b   t d   k ȝ ku ȝu ʔ
f ð s sj h hu  
      tj      
    þ l        
m   n   γ γu  
u     j      

a æ sc ð e f ȝ γ h i j k kj l hl m n nk o p s sj sk t tj þ u z ø
ɑ ɛ sk θ e f ɡ ŋ x i j k l ɬ m n ŋk o p s ʃ ʃk t ɬ w/o z ə

Diacritics are acute for long vowels, macron (the linea nasalis) for nasalized vowels, and hook-below for the 'open' versions of e and o. The plønna, the dot written for the glottal stop, is also generally treated as a diactritic. All these are normally ignored completely when sorting.

The orthography is uncial (that is there are no capital letters), and is based on Carolingian. In modern times, increasing use has been made of the normal Latin alphabet for printed works, and but the traditional script still survives in its original form, as well as in a descendant script similar to Rotunda and Schwabacher.

Runes

f o ɬ ɑ k w x n i e j p z s t ɛ m l ŋ ɔ ə

Morphology

Both verbs and nouns distinguish between single, dual and plural number.

Morphophonemics

See the Uínlītska Phonology article for definitions of the vowel archiphonemes.

The consonant archiphonemes ɴ, ʟ, , and have the following realizations:

Base Environment
V_V V_# #_V C_V V_C C_C C_# #_C
ɴ n n n ən n ən ə̃
ʟ l l l l w əl il
j j j j j i i i
w w w w w o o o

Nouns

Summary

A fully inflected noun consists of (in order) a stem, inflected for number and case, optional marking for definiteness, and an optional postposition. For instance: sōrƿinmeð (with the son), hámsū (about a house).

Gender

Nouns are split into Masculine, Feminine and Neuter genders in the singular. In the dual and plural, Masculine and Feminine collapse into identically-formed paradigms, which is often called the Common plural.

Case

Nouns have three core cases (used only for core NPs), and four oblique cases (which are used with postpositions for non-core NPs).

Nouns may also be marked with attitudinals (qv).

The citation form of a noun includes a hyphen followed by the stem vowel.

See the section on umlaut and sandhi for a description of the notation used below.

Core Cases

Erg, Nom/Abs, Acc, based on fluid-S system oriented to intentionality. In certain circumstances, the choice of cases adds morphology to the verb, this is shown in the Verb row.

  Undergoer
Initiator Animate Inanimate Intransitive Not Specified Negative
Willing Unwilling
Unintentional Nom/Acc Erg/Acc Nom/Acc Acc Nom Erg
Intentional Erg/Nom Erg/Acc Erg/Nom Nom Nom Erg
Verb   Patient- Agent-   ыk-/ы- ɴ-

The Patient and Agent prefixes are identical to those used for the possessor of obligatorily possessed nouns.

Oblique Cases

Gen/Abl, Dat, Loc, Ins

Declensions

REDO FROM START

  I II III IV V
ON Stem -a -i/-u -o -r -nd
  Sg Du Pl Sg Du Pl Sg Du Pl Sg Du Pl Sg Du Pl
Nominative Initiator -ʟ -ʟᴊ -η -∅ - -ω-∅ -ω-ʟ -ω-ʟᴊ -ʟ -ʟ -ʟᴊ -υ- - -j -υ-ʟ
Accusative Undergoer -∅ - -∅ -∅ - -∅ - -ᴡᴊ -η
Genitive From -s   -a     -a -ω-a -a
Dative To -   -ω-ᴊɴ -     - -ю- -ᴊɴ
Locative At -s -s -s -s -s -s -øs s -ηs
Oblique (Everything else) -sj   -øs -as     -as -ω-as -as

Some useful patterns occur in noun declensions:

  • The Dual is formed in most cases from the Singular plus -.
  • The Locative and Oblique are formed from the Accusative and Genitive respectively plus -s (or -j when the ending is already s).

Obligatory Possession

Certain nouns (notably body parts and family members) must bear a possessive prefix showing their referent/"possessor". Other nouns may optionally bear the same prefixes (instead of using a Genitive phrase) if the possessor is animate.

The prefixes used are:

Posessor Marking
1 ɴ-
2 ki-/k-
3 Px -
3 Ob ю-/юs-

Article

Definiteness is marked as follows:

Definite To Marking
Speaker Listener Animate Inanimate
No No Not marked
Yes No -l -þ
Yes Yes -ᴊ̃ -s

Attributive Article

The particles , his precede adjectives and adverbs used attributively as parts of names, as opposed to "ordinary" articles suffixed to adjectives and adverbs to nominalise that quality. For instance pję́n hī ǫzih is Bjarn The Weathly, and pję́n ǫzihī is the weathly Bjarn (as opposed to the other one).

Postpositions

Many common postpositions have become enclitics, and a process of their becoming instead enlargements of the case system is imminent, and arguably already underway in various colloquial lects.

Note: needs moar disambig.

Postposition Nom Acc Gen Dat Loc Obl
á     by means of upon on in the manner of
af     from out of   because of
at       to near towards
í     among into, onto in, within during
eftí   along in order to obtain according to behind later than
flá     from     concerning
hfᵫ́ri     because of against in front of earlier than
með     by means of as well as in combination with  
of above over concerning because of around, about for
ǫ́     of out of, from   made from
sjá beside, at the side of; compared with; close by
til in; of, concerning; on; as, for, to obtain; until, to, up to the time
útā outside (of); beyond; without
ū     about, concerning across throughout  
ᵫðð reaching to, against, with; towards, at; in exchange for; by; (together) with, close to; because of
ᵫfí above, over, at; across, upon

Postpositions show above with a leading hyphen have generally fused as enclitics.

Adjectives

Pronouns

Pronouns are marked for person, number and case. Additionally, pronouns carry inclusivity/exclusivity information for the first person not encoded elsewhere. See the respective sections above and below for more details on the individual systems.

Placeholder mostly-pure-ON pronouns

  1st 2nd 3rd
  Incl Excl Proximal Distal
Sg Du Pl Du Pl Sg Du Pl Sg Du Pl Sg Du Pl
Nominative ek     fist hlo hlist hlé an ant hléj hlast hlęst
Accusative mih     øski øs hlisk iski ihli hán hánt zat zet
Genitive mín     oská fǫ́ hlín iska isa ęns ęnts hléjø hles hlents hléjø
Dative                            
Locative                            
Oblique ehs     fits fés hløs hlits hléls ans ants hléjs hlats hlęts zǫs

The 3rd Person Prox/Dist forms are used (more or less) to distinguish between an 3rd Person who is the subject of the current sentence/clause (using the Proximal) and a 3rd person who is not the subject (using the Distal).

Verbs 2.0

In order to use a verb, you need to know it's Conjugation and Class.

The dictionary form of a verb lists the Present Indicative stem, along with the conjugation number and class letter, for instance the following fictional example:

  • sing- v. (2/A) - To sing (sth).

Personal Marking

This is the general template for personal distinctions in verb conjugations.

Person Number
Singular Plural
Indef. Somebody X
Neg. Nobody X
1st Me 1 1p
2nd You 2 2p
An Px Him (Near) 3 3p
An Ob Him (Far) 3' 3'p
Inan It 0 0p

Conjugations

TAM morphology is similar to ON, with ablaut and ablaut-like processes.

There are five main Conjugations, plus a small number of irregular verbs.

1st Conjugation

From ON conjugations x, y, and z.

INDICATIVE
Nonpast Past
Sing. Plur. Sing. Plur.
1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
-a -al -al -ø̄ -iz -a -az -az -azi -iz -iziz -∅

2nd Conjugation

From ON conjugations x, y, and z.

  I II III IV V To be
INDIC. Nonpast Sing. 1. -a -i -∅ -∅ -υ-∅ em
2. -al -il -l -s -υ-l és
3. -al -il é
Plur. 1. -ø̄ -jø̄ -ø̄ -ø̄ -υ-ø̄ éhø̄
2. -iz -iz -iz éhøz
3. -a -ja -a euo
Past Sing. 1. -az -ta -ω-∅ -ηj-∅ -ω-∅
2. -azi -til -ω-s -ηj-t -ω-s uás
3. -azi -ti -ω-∅ -ηj-∅ -ω-∅
Plur. 1. -izø̄ -tī -ω-ø̄ -ø̄ -ω-ø̄ uálī
2. -iziz -tiz -ω-øz -iz -ω-iz uáliz
3. -∅ -ti -i -i -ω-i uáli
IMPERAT.       -a -∅ -∅ -∅ -∅
SUBJ. Pres. Sing. 1. -a -a -a sjá
2. -il -il -il sél
3. -i -i -i
Plur. 1. sém
2. -iz -iz -iz séz
3. -i -i -i
Pret. Sing. 1.
2.
3.
Plur. 1.
2.
3.

3rd Conjugation

From ON conjugations x, y, and z.

INDICATIVE
Nonpast Past
Sing. Plur. Sing. Plur.
1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
-∅ -(i)l -(i)lz -ø̄ -iz -(j)a -ω-∅ -ω-s -ω-(u)s -ω-∅ -ω-(ʔ)ø̄ -ω-(ʔ)øs

4th Conjugation

From ON conjugations x, y, and z.

  I II III IV V To be
INDIC. Nonpast Sing. 1. -a -i -∅ -∅ -υ-∅ em
2. -al -il -l -s -υ-l és
3. -al -il é
Plur. 1. -ø̄ -jø̄ -ø̄ -ø̄ -υ-ø̄ éhø̄
2. -iz -iz -iz éhøz
3. -a -ja -a euo
Past Sing. 1. -az -ta -ω-∅ -ηj-∅ -ω-∅
2. -azi -til -ω-s -ηj-t -ω-s uás
3. -azi -ti -ω-∅ -ηj-∅ -ω-∅
Plur. 1. -izø̄ -tī -ω-ø̄ -ø̄ -ω-ø̄ uálī
2. -iziz -tiz -ω-øz -iz -ω-iz uáliz
3. -∅ -ti -i -i -ω-i uáli
IMPERAT.       -a -∅ -∅ -∅ -∅
SUBJ. Pres. Sing. 1. -a -a -a sjá
2. -il -il -il sél
3. -i -i -i
Plur. 1. sém
2. -iz -iz -iz séz
3. -i -i -i
Pret. Sing. 1.
2.
3.
Plur. 1.
2.
3.

5th Conjugation

From ON conjugations x, y, and z.

  I II III IV V To be
INDIC. Nonpast Sing. 1. -a -i -∅ -∅ -υ-∅ em
2. -al -il -l -s -υ-l és
3. -al -il é
Plur. 1. -ø̄ -jø̄ -ø̄ -ø̄ -υ-ø̄ éhø̄
2. -iz -iz -iz éhøz
3. -a -ja -a euo
Past Sing. 1. -az -ta -ω-∅ -ηj-∅ -ω-∅
2. -azi -til -ω-s -ηj-t -ω-s uás
3. -azi -ti -ω-∅ -ηj-∅ -ω-∅
Plur. 1. -izø̄ -tī -ω-ø̄ -ø̄ -ω-ø̄ uálī
2. -iziz -tiz -ω-øz -iz -ω-iz uáliz
3. -∅ -ti -i -i -ω-i uáli
IMPERAT.       -a -∅ -∅ -∅ -∅
SUBJ. Pres. Sing. 1. -a -a -a sjá
2. -il -il -il sél
3. -i -i -i
Plur. 1. sém
2. -iz -iz -iz séz
3. -i -i -i
Pret. Sing. 1.
2.
3.
Plur. 1.
2.
3.

Common Irregular Verbs

From ON conjugations x, y, and z.

  I II III IV V To be
INDIC. Nonpast Sing. 1. -a -i -∅ -∅ -υ-∅ em
2. -al -il -l -s -υ-l és
3. -al -il é
Plur. 1. -ø̄ -jø̄ -ø̄ -ø̄ -υ-ø̄ éhø̄
2. -iz -iz -iz éhøz
3. -a -ja -a euo
Past Sing. 1. -az -ta -ω-∅ -ηj-∅ -ω-∅
2. -azi -til -ω-s -ηj-t -ω-s uás
3. -azi -ti -ω-∅ -ηj-∅ -ω-∅
Plur. 1. -izø̄ -tī -ω-ø̄ -ø̄ -ω-ø̄ uálī
2. -iziz -tiz -ω-øz -iz -ω-iz uáliz
3. -∅ -ti -i -i -ω-i uáli
IMPERAT.       -a -∅ -∅ -∅ -∅
SUBJ. Pres. Sing. 1. -a -a -a sjá
2. -il -il -il sél
3. -i -i -i
Plur. 1. sém
2. -iz -iz -iz séz
3. -i -i -i
Pret. Sing. 1.
2.
3.
Plur. 1.
2.
3.

Classes

Personal morphology is more like the Algonquian model than the ON model.

Class Description Agent Patient Oblique
A Transitive Active Morph Acc Obl
I Intransitive Active Morph Obl Obl
R Transitive Stative Erg Morph Obl
S Intransitive Stative Obl Morph Obl
U Undergoer Incorprating Morph Inc Obl
G Goal Incorporating Morph Inc Obl
M Modifier Incorporating Morph Obl Inc
C Copular / Comparitive Morph Morph Obl

Class A

Simple Active/Nominative.

Mainly based on the ON verb, with some borrowings and calques.

Subject Marking
1 -ø̄
2 -
3 -ыt
Neg ne- -n
Indef u-


Class S

Simple Stative/Ergative.

Class T

Obligatorily Transitive/Tripartite.

Subject Object
1 2 3 An Px 3 An Ob 3 Inan Neg Indef
1 -ø̄
2 -
3 -ыt
Neg ne- -n

Class U

Noun-Undergoer Incorporational.

Class G

Noun-Goal Incorporational.

Class M

Noun-Modifier Incorporational.

These tend to be equivalent to abilitatives, optatives, and other similar verbs and auxilliaries, and are usually short (sometimes monophonemic) and most often suffixes. A classic example is the Class 2A verb -m ("to be able to use/perform"), which when suffixed to the name of the language uínlītska forms the derived verb stem uínlītskam , which forms fully-conjugated forms such as intuínlītskam /indwiːnlĩtʃkam/, literally "I can speak Uínlītska".

Subject Object
An Px An Ob Inan
1 u- mihtⁱ- intᵒ-
2 hᵒ- ᵃl- kⁱ-
3 -ᵗo -ˢᵗo -u

Class R

Noun-Referent Stative Hemitransitive. Or something.

Like Class M, usually short or very short, and always immediately follow their (normally non-case-marked) referent.

The example -tu ("To be one of those / to be a member of that group"), combined with uínlītj (Uinlander) forms the phrase stem uínlītj -tu, which forms fully-conjugated forms such as uínlītj intu /wiːnlĩtʃ indo/, literally "I am a Uinlander". Likewise uínlītj kitu and uínlītj tu for the 2nd and 3rd person versions.

Subject Object
An Px An Ob Inan
1 u- mihtⁱ- inᵗ-
2 hᵒ- ᵃl- kiᵗ-
3 -ᵗo -ˢᵗo -ᵘ

Verbs 1.0

The verb is similar in structure to the ON verb. The 3rd and 4th conjugations of weak verbs have disappeared entirely, merging with the 2nd, and several strong conjugations have collapsed together.

Need to add more personal distinctions, and a variety of object suffixes

Per sound changes, verbs are apparently much simpler

Conjugations

  I II III IV V To be
INDIC. Nonpast Sing. 1. -a -i -∅ -∅ -υ-∅ em
2. -al -il -l -s -υ-l és
3. -al -il é
Plur. 1. -ø̄ -jø̄ -ø̄ -ø̄ -υ-ø̄ éhø̄
2. -iz -iz -iz éhøz
3. -a -ja -a euo
Past Sing. 1. -az -ta -ω-∅ -ηj-∅ -ω-∅
2. -azi -til -ω-s -ηj-t -ω-s uás
3. -azi -ti -ω-∅ -ηj-∅ -ω-∅
Plur. 1. -izø̄ -tī -ω-ø̄ -ø̄ -ω-ø̄ uálī
2. -iziz -tiz -ω-øz -iz -ω-iz uáliz
3. -∅ -ti -i -i -ω-i uáli
IMPERAT.       -a -∅ -∅ -∅ -∅
SUBJ. Pres. Sing. 1. -a -a -a sjá
2. -il -il -il sél
3. -i -i -i
Plur. 1. sém
2. -iz -iz -iz séz
3. -i -i -i
Pret. Sing. 1.
2.
3.
Plur. 1.
2.
3.

Example Verbs

None yet

Voice

Active Voice

Simple bare verb.

Passive Voice

The use of the Passive is virtually obligatory when the agent of the verb is of lower percieved animacy than the undergoer.

Future Tense

Formed by want/must/should/might/etc. per ItC/WGer style patterns.

Aspects

Perfect formed by is/have/become/do/etc. per ItC/WGer style patterns.

Attitudinal and Evidential modifiers

Equiv. doch, schon, mal, eben, ja, etc.

Gerunds, Participles, and their Adjectives and Nouns

Incorporation, Compounding, and Derivation

Adverbs

Particles

Other Languages

Other languages in this AU presume the gradual creation and growth of European colonies in North & Central America starting around 1000CE instead of the rapid colonization of Central America starting around 1500CE and of North America starting around 1600CE.

Finla was the first major consolidation of power, followed by "Nova Scotia" (provisional name), consisting mostly of Christian Celtic and Anglo-Saxon missionaries from England and France who established their major centers on the southwest coast of Greenland and to the south of Finla between 1100CE and 1250CE. Their Hibernic language is a Celtic koine of Old Gaelic, Old Welsh, Old Breton and Old Cornish with adstrates from Old English and Old French and a significant superstrate from Church Latin.